E Commerce And Online Payments - 1054 Words

ProPay Transaction Fee: Yes †¢ Swiped: 2.60% per transaction †¢ Keyed: 3.40% per transaction E-Commerce/Online Payments: Yes †¢ Swiped: 2.60% per transaction †¢ Keyed: 3.40% per transaction POS Payments: No †¢ Swiped: †¢ Keyed: Mobile/Wireless Payments: †¢ Swiped: 2.60% per transaction †¢ Keyed: 3.40% per transaction Mobile App Ratings: †¢ Google Play Store: 3.7 †¢ Apple App Store: 2.5 Time in Business: 1997 BBB: Accredited, A+, http://www.bbb.org/utah/business-reviews/credit-card-processing-service/propay-usa-in-lehi-ut-10061989/ Introduction ProPay is a payment processing provider founded by Bradley Wilkes in 1997 with their current headquarters located in Lehi, Utah. ProPay offers a variety of merchant payment†¦show more content†¦One more thing to note is the fact that ProPay does not use independent resellers to market their services and this is huge when it comes to maintaining consistency with marketing and how customer service issues are handled. You will generally have a better experience with a payment processor who doesn t outsource their services. [the-good] ProPay offers flexible payment acceptance options that are secure and affordable for businesses of all sizes. Thus making ProPay a serious contender when it comes to a possible payment processor for your business. Additionally, ProPay appears to actively seek out and address all public complaints about their services with an offer to personally help each client resolve their particular issues. And this is huge from a customer service perspective, because when it comes to your money, there is nothing more important than to be able to talk with someone who can effectively help you resolve any problems you may be having. Small Businesses ProPay has some great features for small business owners. They have a simple sign-up process, competitive rates and multiple ways to accept payments. If you need mobile solutions ProPay is an industry leader with flexible options to accept credit cards via encrypted mobile card readers, such as the ProPay JAK and the ProPay FLASH and via a mobile phone web interface or a regular touchtone phone. Large Businesses ProPay is perfect for

Graduation Speech Essay - 826 Words

The old poet Kahlil Gibran, a long time ago, once said, You work that you may keep pace with the soul of the earth. For to be idle is to become a stranger unto the seasons, and to step out of lifes procession, that marches in majesty and proud submission toward the infinite. An interesting thought, that we work in order to keep pace with the earth. Now, Im sure youre asking yourself, how can my near minimum wage job, where the customers treat me like a doormat and I still have to be pleasant and chipper, keep me in sync with the soul of the earth. Well I imagine there are higher rewards to part-time high school jobs, but other than the always too small pay checks, I am hard pressed to fathom them. Yet, that is not the kind of work I†¦show more content†¦One of my favorite examples of outstanding volunteer work is the Universal Access Parks Project, in which a group of students along with several teachers planned, attained funding for, and ultimately built a handicap accessib le park behind the Lynnwood Pool. The park serves as a lasting testimony of our hard work and dedication for years to come. Now, not all of us can be a class, club or A.S.B. president and not all of us can volunteer weekly for a worthy cause or organization, we cannot do everything even though we may try. But all of us can, and most of us have served an instrumental role in an important project or activity. There are so many different aspects of service work and ways of being involved that to name a few is only grazing the surface. Whether your focus was being in a school club or student government, working with poor children, or people dying of AIDS, or if it was working for environmental justice or animal rights, if you have done it, it is important. There must be reasons we give up our time and energy, other than to have a fancy looking resume, or it would not be worth our precious time. So why do we do it? Often I ask myself, as you do Im sure, this question of why. It seems to surface more frequently when it is your fifth meeting of the week and its only Wednesday, or when you are at school so much you could easily set up a cot and never go home -- do we all remember homecoming week, orShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : My Graduation Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pages My Graduation A Graduation ceremony is one of the major steps in life, it marks the start of new changes in our lives. It ushers us into growing up and be responsible for our actions. It marks a new dawn of embracing life experiences, cultivation of good work ethics and eventually culminates in chasing our dreams. On my graduation day, I woke up to the sweet aroma of the breakfast my sister was making. I sat down to eat when the food was ready. It took me about 2 hours to finishRead MoreGraduation Speech1128 Words   |  5 PagesSasenarine Tomby Graduation Speech 2011 Good afternoon [name of members of the head table], teachers, parents, students, fellow graduates and distinguished guests. I must first and foremost thank God for this blessing and honor to stand before you today as Valedictorian of the Class of 2011. Yet, today is not only my day to shine. Every graduate present here is deserving of high praise and recognition and I would like to congratulate each of you on reaching this milestone in life. IRead MoreGraduation Speech650 Words   |  3 PagesCongratulations everyone, congratulations. If youre participating in this graduation ceremony, youve taken the next step toward your future goals and dreams. For those of you that just finished your transfer degrees, congratulations. To those of you that came back to school after a few years off to get a better education, congratulations. To those of you that came to get a certificate or learn IT or computer programming so you can get a better job, congratulations. Now that youre moving onRead More Graduation Speech Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesLadies, gentlemen, parents, friends, family, staff, fellow students: Instead of taking up more time and reading my speech, it is available to you at http://www.olen’s_speech.com. Thank you. No, just kidding. But seriously folks... Today we are gathered here to celebrate our graduation from 12 long years of schooling. The education granted to us has been a privilege. One so graciously given to us by the citizens of our state, by our community, and by our parents. Today would not beRead More Graduation Speech Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesyou might ever sit through. Most of us, though, and I regret that I am in this group, will sit through many more ceremonies -- ceremonies longer and more tedious that this or anything else you can imagine. If you think this is bad, try a college graduation. Think, that is, attend a wedding. And, if just for a moment you think that that is bad, just be thankful you have never attended or will attend a Bar Mitzvah. The only ceremony I think anybody would truly enjoy attending is a funeral. But, onlyRead MoreEssay on Graduation Speech830 Words   |  4 Pagesthe senior class president. A few weeks ago, I was told that I would be speaking at graduation. I was asked to put together a speech for tonight -- Ive become experienced at speech writing over the past couple of weeks. The speech that you are hearing is the fourth one Ive written, the recycle bin needs to be emptied at home and I need a new highlighter. Thank you, Mr. Mier, you get an A+ for your help as my speech teacher but an F for saving trees. Tonight Id like to talk to three groupsRead MoreAn Example of a Graduation Speech653 Words   |  3 Pageswriting papers, doing homework, taking an occasional pop quiz, and of course taking countless exams, it is that time that we all anticipate†¦Graduation! Purpose Statement: Since the majority of us are seniors, and graduation is a little less than a month away, I am going to provide you with some historical background information and some fun facts about graduation in order to make the occasion even more meaningful than it already is. Road Map: Most of you could probably agree that high school wasRead More Graduation Speech Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy abroad, and with the great help of the Turner family, Ms. Joy Fitzpatrick who is the international student program coordinator, and my parents, I entered America as an international student on March 11, 2001, only one week after my high school graduation in Japan. It seems as though yesterday when I saw my host mom crying at the airport to see me landed to America safely, as if she were welcoming back her own daughter. I still recall the very first class I took. I was so scared and nervous thatRead More Graduation Speech Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthis graduation speech, several people suggested including a profound quote offering â€Å"encouraging advice to the young graduates†, and then there were others who said, â€Å"eh don’t worry about it, no one listens to those anyway.† Fortunately, I was actually able to take from both suggestions and found a happy balance. You see, I won’t tell you today to: â€Å"Dare to dream† or â€Å"Find your own vision† or even to â€Å"Strive for excellence,† or any trite clichà © that’s ever been said in a graduation speech. SoRead More Graduation Speech Essay560 Words   |  3 PagesWhen they were trying to find someone to give this speech they first asked the most intelligent, smart person they could find. But she turned them down. So then they asked the most beautiful, lovely, attractive person they could find. She also turned them down. Next they asked the nicest, sweetest, kindest, most sincere person they could find. Then I decided it would be rude to turn them down three times in a row, so here I am. How many people here like tomato soup? Come on, raise your hand if

Software Process Free Essays

LARGE SCALE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 1. What are the fundamental activities that are common to all software processes? a. Specification – defining what the system should do; b. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Design and implementation – defining the organization of the system and implementing the system; c. Validation – checking that it does what the customer wants; d. Evolution – changing the system in response to changing customer needs. 2. List the 3 generic process models that are used in software engineering? ? Plan-driven model. Separate and distinct phases of specification and development. Specification, development and validation are interleaved. May be plan-driven or agile. ? The system is assembled from existing components. May be plan-driven or agile. 3. Why are iterations usually limited when the waterfall model is used? accommodating change after the process is underway. In principle, a phase has to be complete before moving onto the next phase. 4. What are the three benefits of incremental development, compared to the waterfall model? ? The amount of analysis and documentation that has to be redone is much less than is required with the waterfall model. Customers can comment on demonstrations of the software and see how much has been implemented. ? Customers are able to use and gain value from the software earlier than is possible with a waterfall process. 5. What are the development stages in reuse-based development? ? Component analysis; ? Requirements modification; ? System design with reuse; ? Development and integration. 6. What are the principal requirements engineering activities? ? Feasibility study †¢ Is it technically and financially feasible to build the system? Requirements elicitation and analysis †¢ What do the system stakeholders require or expect from the system? ? Requirements specification †¢ Defining the requirements in detail ? Requirements validation †¢ Checking the validity of the requirements 7. Why is it increasingly irrelevant to distinguish between software development and evolution? – Although there has been a demarcation between development and evolution (maintenance) this is increasingly irrelevant as fewer and fewer systems are completely new. . What are the advantages of using incremental development and delivery? 9. What are the 4 sectors in each loop in Boehm’s spiral model? Objective setting ? Specific objectives for the phase are identified. ? Risks are assessed and activities put in place to reduce the key risks. ? A development model for the system is chosen which can be any of the generic models. ? The project is reviewed and the next phase of the spiral is planned. 10. What are the six fundamental best practices in the RUP? Plan increments based on customer priorities and deliver highest priority increments first. ? Explicitly document customer requirements and keep track of changes to these requirements. ? Organize the system architecture as a set of reusable components. ? Use graphical UML models to present static and dynamic views of the software. ? Ensure that the software meet’s organizational quality standards. Manage soft ware changes using a change management system and configuration management tools. How to cite Software Process, Essays

Monetary Policy Surprises Interest Rates -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Monetary Policy Surprises Interest Rates? Answer: Introduction In the current discussion, the interest rate decision of Australian central bank and the effect of the same on the economy has been elaborated providing evidence. In the existing scenario, government budget deficit has become one of the most dominating issues for the Australian government. Influenced by the current pressure scenario, Prime Minister of Australia, Mr. Malcolm Turnbull has decided to reduce the government spending in many segments to lower the surging pressure of budget deficit. Due to the event, capital funding has become a crisis in the economy as investors are not showing any interest to make further market investments. To handle the economic uncertainties, the Reserve Bank of Australia has decided to keep the benchmark interest rate at a record low so that investors and leading borrowers can take loans and invest capital in the economy (Letts, 2017). Fundamentally, the aim of the study is to analyse how the low rate of interest has influenced the business investment and economic environment of the nation. Furthermore, the study investigates how an increase in investment has made a significant impact on the aggregate demand curve, real Gross Domestic Product, and price level in the economy. The Central Banks of major economies have been flexible in their monetary policy to cut the benchmark interest rate to support during the period of economic slowdown. Under the strict monetary policy, the RBA has cut the benchmark rate from 4.25% to 1.5% since 2012 to 2017 as shown in figure below (Tradingeconomics.com, 2017). Due to such monetary policy, the flow of capital in the Australian economy can be seen. In the meanwhile, by cutting down the benchmark interest rate, the RBA has mostly encouraged the borrowers to borrow more money from the financial institution to support the economic growth. According to the concepts of economics, lower benchmark interest rate will make borrowing cheaper for the biggest market borrowers and companies. Due to increase in capital in hand, the spending as well as business investment will see a boost. As a result of the scenario, the economic growth and market stability will be further supported. On the other hand, lower interest rate will offer very small amount of investment in savings. Hence, common public will be encouraged to invest the money in diverse segments (Tuan, 2012). Thus, the business investment and economic environment in Australia will be boosted. In terms of business proposition, lower interest rate will be an encouraging sign for the business firms to borrow more money from the financial institutions to expand their businesses. Due to the opportunity of greater finance, firms will borrow more and spend more. In this way, larger borrowing amount will increase the expenditure contributing towards the growth of the economy (Tuan, 2012). Moreover, lower rate of interest rate will help to increase the prices of a number of assets. As a result, housing industry and other asset related sectors can observe asset buying (Heath, 2017). In this way, consumer confidence will be increased. Apparently, in this manner, the RBA has encouraged business investment by lowering the benchmark interest rate in Australian economy. As per the above analysis, it can be seen that the fall in the bank interest rate will influence the common people to re-invest their money in the market in place of keeping them safe in bank accounts. Additionally, the availability of low interest rate loans will help the small entrepreneurs to invest money on start-up businesses in the Australian market. Hence, it can be assumed that the fall in the interest rate will lead to increase in investment promoting business in the Australian economy (Fender, 2012). On the other hand, it is important to note that the increase in investment will lead to several impacts on the economic indicators such as aggregate price level (inflation), real GDP and aggregate demand curve in the market. The influence of enhancement of business investment on price level, GDP and aggregate demand has been presented using the figure given below: On the basis of the above figure, it can be seen that the aggregate demand in the market will increase leading to a rise in the price level and GDP of the nation. Firstly, the increase in the business investment will increase the supply of money in the market (Forstater, 2016). For example, the increase in investment will increase the earnings of the people in Australia leading to an increase in the purchasing power of the consumers. Additionally, the increase in investment will promote business leading to better job opportunities and higher living standard of the people (Phan, 2014). Hence, the increment in the buying power will increase the level of demand in the market that will further lead to a rightward shift in the aggregate demand curve from AD to AD1 (Forstater, 2016). On the other hand, the aggregate supply curve will remain constant at AS in the short run because the producers cannot make use of more resources in shorter time. Therefore, a rise in the aggregate demand can be evident due to the fall in the interest rate in the market. Secondly, it can be seen that the rise in the aggregate demand leads to a shift in the market equilibrium from E to E1. As per the above figure, the rise in the market equilibrium will lead to an increase in the aggregate price level of the services and products in the market. However, the consumption of commodities also increases from Q1 to Q2 leading to a rise in the real GDP of the nation (Cobham, 2015). Therefore, it can be clearly seen through the illustration that the aggregate demand, price level and real GDP increases with the fall in the interest rate. Conclusion According to the above discussion, the decision of the Reserve Bank of Australia to reduce the interest rate will work in the favour of the economy. The reduction in the interest rate will promote business investment and increase the flow of money. Additionally, the earning of the people will grow leading to an increase in purchasing power and better living standards. Hence, the Australian economy will be boosted as the aggregate demand, price level and GDP of the nation will increase with the fall in the interest rate. References Cobham, D. (2015). Monetary Analysis and Monetary Policy Frameworks: Introduction.The Manchester School, 83, pp.1-4. Fender, J. (2012).Monetary policy. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Forstater, M. (2016).Economics. 5th ed. London: A. C. Black. Heath, M. (2017).Australia's interest rates aren't as stimulatory as RBA thinks. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/australias-interest-rates-arent-as-stimulatory-as-rba-thinks-20170730-gxlxjo.html [Accessed Oct. 2017]. Letts, S. (2017).RBA holds rates at record low 1.5pc, warns of high dollar risks. [online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-01/rba-holds-rates-at-historic-low/8763628 [Accessed Oct. 2017]. Phan, T. (2014). Output Composition of the Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism: Is Australia Different?.Economic Record, 90(290), pp.382-399. Tradingeconomics.com. (2017).Australia Interest Rate | 1990-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/interest-rate [Accessed Oct. 2017]. Tuan, B. (2012). Monetary Policy Surprises and Interest Rates: Evidence from Australia.SSRN Electronic Journal.

Othello By Shakespeare Essays (587 words) - Othello,

Othello By Shakespeare In the article, Othello and the pattern of Shakespearean Tragedy, by G.R. Hibbard published in 1968, Hibbard discusses how Othello, by William Shakespeare, stands apart from the rest of the Shakespearean Tragedies. He uses examples from the play to support his thesis of how the tragic pattern in Othello is very much different from that of the others. I agree with Hibbard's view on Othello and it's unique characteristics that set it apart from the traditional pattern of Shakespearean tragedies. Hibbard wrote his article using supporting points to show how Othello is set apart from the other plays. He describes the unrealistic events surrounding Othello being sent to Cyprus, where he is allowed to bring his new wife. Hibbard write that Iago's only goal in the play is to ruin Othello's life and does not want more political or military power, as in the other plays but wishes only to destroy all that is good and beautiful. All the other plays have plots where the events in the public follow the pattern of the events of the antagonist this is missing in Othello. "The pattern of the tragedy is a whirlpool, with its center in the poisoned mind of the hero which reshapes, distorts, and degrades objective reality." Unlike in the other Shakespearean tragedies Othello does not know the antagonist until the end of the play when it is too late to realize what has occurred. The ending of Othello is also unique, in this case good does not prevail over evil and unlike the other tragedies Othello seeks his own valediction and "the ruin is total". I agree with most of the authors points of discussion in this article. I agree that Othello is sent to Cyprus for the sole purpose of changing the scene to commence Iago's plan and that this is very different from the other plays where there are no such dramatic events that are discarded so quickly (the immediate sinking of the Turkish fleet). I see the ?whirlpool' pattern the author speaks of where Iago is at the center; this is clearly different from the other tragic plays where the direction is clear and straightforward. Unlike in MacBeth, or Romeo and Juliet, Othello does not know the antagonist until the end, I agree with this point because throughout the play it is clear that Othello trusts Iago completely and disbelieves any evidence that contradicts what he is saying. I also agree with Hibbard's point that in other Shakespearean tragedies the public events mirror the actions of the antagonist. Hibbard is right in saying that the ending is quite unique with the bodies being left on stage and the others quickly moving through the arrangements of distributing the assets, they learned no lessons as in Romeo and Juliet, they seemed almost unaffected by the deaths. The end was also unique because Othello killed himself, he knew he did wrong and punished himself, this does not occur in other tragedies. Although I support Hibbard in his thesis, I disagree with a few of his supporting arguments. It is true that Iago did want to destroy the lives of both Cassio and Othello, but did this because he felt that he deserved Cassio's position in the military. When Hibbard says, "The ruin is total" I think this is extreme. I feel that evil did not prevail, because Iago's plan did not succeed, neither good nor evil triumphed. In reading Hibbard's article I felt he did a good job at supporting his thesis. He provided the reader with enough information to understand why he chose his thesis and decide whether or not they agree with his points. He used appropriate references to support his ideas and backed up his points with specific events from the play.

Citizens Police Academy Example

Citizens Police Academy Example Citizens' Police Academy – Coursework Example Citizen police academy Citizen’s police academy is a program that is designed purposely to sensitize individuals who are not police officers with the activities of the police. The purpose of the Citizen’s police academy program is not to train individuals for a police post or to work on a shift as a police officer, but to create awareness to the society on who and what it is to be a police officer, their roles and jurisdictions. Citizen police academy is not a law enforcement agency, but is a program that gives the civilians and citizens a chance to learn the law enforcement process at a non – threatening situation (Sherman 1980.The program operates in most states of America, including Chesapeake, Virginia. In Chesapeake, the program is known as Chesapeake citizen’s police academy (CCPA). Chesapeake citizens aged over 18 years are eligible to training that takes 14 weeks. The program is quite essential since it teaches the citizens various police facets, i ncluding use of force, crime analysis, crime investigation, drug investigation, firearms investigation and life behind the bars. During and after the training, individual volunteerism in the police unit or departments is encouraged.According to American Police Academy (1970), the program influences much on the police department. This training encourages loyalty and observation of the law. Through the training, citizens become obedient to the law and the police unit. The roles of the police are clearly revealed to the society, with the procedures they should take to handle a crime case. This enlightens the citizens to raise an alarm in case of any mistreatment or failure of responsibility in the police department. Through this program, the rights of the citizens and the jurisdictions of the police department are clearly observed. ReferenceSherman, L.W. (1980). The Police and the Violence. Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science.American Police Academy. (1970). Academy training bulleting. Washington, D.C; American Police Academy.

Pro-Choice Versus Pro-Life Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pro-Choice Versus Pro-Life - Research Paper Example There is no end in sight to the pro-life versus pro-choice argument. The pro-life argument is against the practice of abortion and the legalizing of abortion. In the pro-life argument, the main point of view is surprisingly supported both by religion and science. The religious perspective is that life begins at conception. It is a gift of God and human beings do not have the right to deny this life from seeing the light of day. This makes abortion tantamount to murder. Science supports this argument through its findings that the fetus starts to display several determinants of life at a very early stage. Thus the main basis of the argument against abortion is based on the fetus as an individual life separated from that of the mother, and that it is wrong to destroy such life. It also goes on to argue that abortion is the denial of the right to life of the fetus, and by abetting abortion, society would be guilty of denial of the rights of the fetus The other perspectives against abortion include the harm that abortions cause the mother and the impact of abortions on society. Abortions are unsafe and can lead to severe complications for the woman immediately after the abortion, or in terms of long term complications, including the dreaded breast cancer. Other complications could be demonstrated at the time of delivery of a child, should the woman choose to have a baby later. The impact on society lies in two arguments. The first is the economic costs to society as a result of abortion. The second argument is that if the fetus is morally expendable, child abuse is bound to arise. Instead of abortion, avoidance of unnecessary pregnancies could be brought about through the use of contraceptives or abstinence from sexual activity. (2) Â  

Enron Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Enron - Essay Example Enron also promoted a corporate culture of callousness when it arbitrarily ranked half of its employees as non-performer which it will eventually fire. The other half remaining may have remained in the company but adopted a corporate value system that is virulently greedy and fraudulent as promoted and reinforced by its leadership through its performance appraisals. What could Enron have done was to objectively reflect the value of its asset liability instead of misrepresenting them that provides the impression that the company was performing well when it was not. Also, Enron should have promoted a culture of excellence and integrity among its employees to continuously look for ways to improve instead of promoting the culture of greed. Arthur Andersen as an auditing should have maintained their objectivity and did not become a management consultant to Enron because that would construe as a conflict of interest. When it learned of Enron’s fraudulent accounting practice, it should have reported them to SEC instead of conniving to hide

Audience use of media texts is inextricably linked to the formation of Essay

Audience use of media texts is inextricably linked to the formation of social identities and the forging of cultural distinctions. Discuss - Essay Example It seems that question is no longer whether it does rather how much and in what manner. In current times we have seen how television has morphed from simply a provider of entertainment and a means of recreation, into a god-creator of a proxy-community – where people are drawn to the images and to the text and use them to form social identities and forge cultural distinctions. The notion of a â€Å"fan culture† is a complex one. There are a whole plethora of reasons why an individual finds himself â€Å"hooked† to a particular television show. When these individuals come together, a whole community is created, a whole subculture is forged, and the fans cease to be peripheral observers and become active agents and manipulators of the text itself. From â€Å"borrowed material†, or the material churned out by television producers, scriptwriters and directors, fans craft a patchwork quilt all their own – fusing their own individual experiences and perceptions and coming up with an entirely new animal resembling in parts, and far removed from, in other parts, the original text. This is the theory posited by Jenkins in the book â€Å"Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture† (1992) where he navigates through the media fan community and demonstrate how the cultural practices within it serve to rework the text and create its own social institutions, with its own hegemonies and rules. In order to explore how media defines social identity and on what level, this paper shall take as an example the success of the 1990 hit television show Twin Peaks. It illustrates that the effect of media on social identity can be both normative and prescriptive. First, the portrayal of young adults in Twin Peaks can be prescriptive in terms of lifestyle and behavior. Second, the developments in television genre occur simultaneously with developments in sub-culture. And that the

Flash Floods In Jeddah Saudi Arabia Environmental Sciences Essay

Flash Floods In Jeddah Saudi Arabia Environmental Sciences Essay Jeddah is one of the most important cities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Located on the shore of the Red Sea, the city has a population of more than 3.5 million, and after Riyadh, is the second largest urban settlement of the country (CIA Factbook, 2010, p1). Containing the largest port on the Red Sea, it is the principal entry point for Mecca, the holiest city of the Islamic religion (CIA Factbook, 2010, p1). It acts as a conduit for millions of worshipers on their way to Mecca and is otherwise a very busy commercial centre (CIA Factbook, 2010, p1). Jeddah is also known to be among the more cosmopolitan of Saudi Arabian destinations and is home to many people from western countries, because of its sea facing location, commercial importance and international connectedness (CIA Factbook, 2010, p1). The city experienced flash floods in the last week of November in 2009 (Al-Bargi, A., 2009, p 1). The floods resulted in a veritable catastrophe as much of the city was submerged in 3 feet of water and cars were swept away and piled on top of each other (Al-Bargi, A., 2009, p 1). Appendix 1 provides some pictures of the flash floods, which illustrate the extent and enormity of damage caused. The floods, which lasted for barely a couple of days, resulted in the loss of more than a 100 lives and damaged 2 billions of dollars of property (Abumansour, W., 2009, p 1). The next few days saw the residents of the city facing the dangers of a possible epidemic because of (a) overflowing sewage from the nearby Musk Lake, which threatened to enter the city, and (b) obvious difficulties in burying the men, women, children, and animals, who had died during the floods (Abumansour, W., 2009, p 1). Western citizens were bemused by the intensity of the havoc and destruction caused by just three inches of rain in a very short span of time on November 25. A resident of Florida writes as follows: On Wednesday, my part of west-central Florida received three-to-five inches of rain. No one died, even as the result of a traffic accident. Other than a few puddles an inch or two deep, the water was gone within hours of the rains passing. My city has a population of about 52,000 people and nowhere near the financial assets of Jeddah. (Crossroads Arabia, 2010, p1) The days that followed the floods witnessed an unprecedented wave of outrage in Saudi Arabia over the incompetence of the government in preventing the floods, which assumed the overtones of a catastrophe of great magnitude in terms of loss of lives and damage to property (Alice King, 2009, p 1). The episode also resulted in severe and all round condemnation of the inefficiency of town planning in Jeddah (Alice King, 2009, p 1). Numerous accusations of corruption against government officials and members of the bureaucracy led to the suspension of numerous responsible officials and the institution of a public enquiry (Al-Sulami, 2010, p 1). Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah has ordered the cases of all those accused of complicity in the November floods in Jeddah referred to the watchdog for government employees and the national prosecution body The king made it clear that crimes involving financial and administrative corruption would not be included in the list of crimes he may choose to pardon later. (Al-Sulami, 2010, p1) 1.2. Definition of Problem Recent decades have witnessed a spate of natural flood related disasters of different dimensions with varying degrees of consequential damage. Pakistan has very recently, in early August 2010, experienced floods of immense severity, which have resulted in more than 1500 deaths. The impact of the Indian Ocean Tsunami, where more than 100,000 lives were lost, will not be forgotten soon (National Geographic News, 2005, p 1). A number of cyclones damaged American cities in the recent past and caused significant damage to life and property (Borland, 2010, p 1). Environmental and ecological experts attribute the greater occurrence of such natural disasters in recent years to global warming and consequential climatic change (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). With the impact of such climatic change not expected to abate in future, national and international policy makers are working on various stratagems to protect life and property from the consequences of such environmental turbulences (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). 1.3. Purpose Governments across the world are formulating and implementing customised plans and solutions for the protection of their citizens from the wrath of nature. Such plans obviously have to essentially be bespoke in character and designed to protect against specific environmental threats (Carter, 2007, p 330). Cities in hilly areas need to be protected from the consequences of earthquakes and landslides, even as residents of habitations near rivers, dams, reservoirs and seas need to be protected from the onslaught of water (Carter, 2007, p 330). Plans to protect citizens from disasters must also essentially incorporate disaster preparation and disaster management activities before, during and after the occurrence of disasters (Carter, 2007, p 330). The Saudi Government has evidenced high levels of concern about the implementation of flood and disaster management plans in the kingdom and the overcoming of associated difficulties and restrictions (A1SaudiArabia.com, 2010, p 1). This dissertation aims to investigate the various risks that can emerge from floods in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is also proposed to study the effect of various factors that can challenge or obstruct flood management plans at Jeddah and the various plans and measures that can be implemented to overcome such challenges. 1.4. Aims and Objectives The aims and objectives of this dissertation, framed in accordance with the defined problem and the purpose of this study, are now elaborated as under. To examine the various reasons that led to the enormous havoc and destruction after the occurrence of the flash floods in Jeddah on November 25, 2009. To examine and assess the various risks that can arise for life and property in the KSA because of unsuitable and inadequate flood management practices. To study the different issues concerned with flood management as also the implications of such issues on risk management for concerned public and private agencies and for members of the population. To study and understand the various implications of planning on ecosystems with specific reference to Saudi Arabia. To recommend specific strategies, plans and measures to protect the human population, animal and plant life, and individual and organisational property, in KSA, from such challenges. 1.5. Structure This dissertation has been structured to ensure sequential progress of research findings, right from the introductory section through the literature review, the choice of appropriate research methodology, and the obtaining and analysis of data to appropriate recommendations and conclusions. The bibliography and various appendices used during the study have been placed at the end of the dissertation. 2. Literature Review This review of extant literature involves a detailed study of various aspects of floods, their reasons, their effects, and the various ways in which communities and societies are (a) trying to prevent their occurrence, (b) minimise their impact on the ecosystem, human and animal life, and individual and organisational property, and (c) deal with their aftermath. Information sources have been chosen carefully for their relevance to the Jeddah floods of 2009, and to the broader issue of flood prevention and management in Saudi Arabia. 2.1. Risks from Floods Flooding is widely accepted to be the foremost causal factor for loss of life and damage to property from natural events in numerous regions of the world (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). It is to elaborate further considered to be far more damaging than other types of natural disasters or hazards like earthquakes and fires (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). The Munich Reinsurance Company, in a study conducted in 2000, found that practically 50% of loss of life and one third of economic losses that took place due to natural disasters, occurred because of flooding (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Damages from floods have been particularly severe in contemporary times (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). The last decade in particular has witnessed a number of flood related disasters across the world, which has resulted in widespread loss of life and damages, amounting to hundreds of billions of dollars, to property (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Whilst countries like China and Bangladesh experience flooding with associated loss to lives and property very frequently, other countries, like Saudi Arabia, for example, rarely face floods (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). However when floods do occur in such areas, their force, impact and consequential inundation is no less severe than in flood prone regions (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). It is evident that all populated areas across the world face risks from flooding, even as some societies are far more vulnerable than others to flood hazards (Alexander, 2006, p 1). Again whilst some societies have come to understand the damage that can be caused by floods and have adopted suitable measures to minimise associated damage, many others continue to be caught off guard and are found to be unprepared, to a great extent, when floods occur; such inadequacies exist both in minimising the damage from such floods and in taking appropriate post disaster action (Alexander, 2006, p 1). The members of such under protected societies thus often experience far more loss to life and property than those of better prepared communities (Alexander, 2006, p 1). The rapid and progressive increase in global population has led to the need for people to settle in new and hitherto unpopulated areas, some of which are known to be prone to natural hazards (Boruff Cutter, 2007, p 24). Saudi Arabia for instance is experiencing continuous increase in its population, much of which is fuelled by the inflow of people from other nations, who come in search of employment in the oil rich and fast growing Saudi economy (Boruff Cutter, 2007, p 24). The movement of people on account of political, social and economic reasons often leads to the development of habitation in areas that could be prone to flooding events (Boruff Cutter, 2007, p 24). Floods are defined in insurance contracts as a temporary covering of land by water as a result of surface waters escaping from their normal confines or as a result of heavy precipitation. (Kron, 2005 p 58) They can be categorised into three distinct classes, namely (a) storm surges, (b) river floods and (c) flash floods (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Apart from these three types of floods, flooding can also occur because of specific reasons like the occurrence of tsunamis, breaks in dams, rising of ground water, and glacial lake outbursts (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Storm surges occur mainly on the coasts of big lakes, seas, and oceans (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). They have in the past been the reason for the greatest losses to life and property that have occurred because of natural water related disasters (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). Whilst developed countries are fortifying their coasts in order to minimise the damage from such occurrences, storm surges continue to be a major threat in coastal areas across the world (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). River floods occur after heavy and continuous rainfall for many days, and even weeks, over substantially large geographical regions (Changnon, 1996, p 14-32). Saturation of soil in such cases results in the inability of the ground surface to absorb water indefinitely and further rainfall results in water running directly into streams and rivers (Changnon, 1996, p 14-32). Such floods generally grow gradually, even though they can sometimes occur within short periods, and can affect very large areas, especially where land topography is flat (Changnon, 1996, p 14-32). Whilst river floods in narrow valleys lead to inundation of small strips of land alongside rivers, the depths of such inundation and velocity of water can be excessively high and lead to enormous destruction of life and property in affected areas (Changnon, 1996, p 14-32). Whilst river floods occur from river based water sources and not from seas or oceans, their effect is often greater than that of flooding caused by seas (Changnon, 1996, p 14-32). Flash floods are predominantly local events, which occur in a scattered manner at different times across the world (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Such floods come about after the occurrence of intense rainfall in a short geographical area (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). The rate of infiltration of water into the ground in such cases is much slower than the rate of precipitation, even though the ground may not be fully saturated (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Flash floods often occur very suddenly and flood waves can rush to distant but contiguous locations in very short periods (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Whilst the forecasting of flash floods is very difficult because of the extremely small period between its first indication and actual occurrence and the actual period of occurrence of rainfall is short, their potential for destruction is immense (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Such floods occur not just in steep terrains, where water can flow swiftly, but also in flat areas where ground slopes are to o less for the occurrence of swift storm water runoffs (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Water in such situations collects on the surface in hardly noticeable depressions and in other areas like underground parking lots, basements and subways (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Flooding also occurs because of water logging when widespread and continuous rains inundate large traps of land (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). 2.2. Impact of Eco Systems on Floods Environmental experts state that whilst climate change is possibly influencing the excessive rainfall that has been ravaging Asia in the last few years, the purposeful and progressive destruction of eco systems by humans is playing a greater role in the intensification of the severity of floods (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). Extensive deforestation, along with the conversion of wet lands to sprawling urban development and the blocking of natural drainage systems are intensifying the impact of floods (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). A number of environmental experts agree that whilst much of the modern day problems associated with environmental issues are being attributed to climate change, the severity of natural disasters is actually intensifying because of human destruction of natural infrastructure (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Millions of people are building homes along flood plains and increasing garbage is blocking natural water ways (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). All across Asia, cities are experiencing unplanned growth of urban sprawls, along with poor land and waste management (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Such developments are reducing natural protective phenomena and exposing human life and property to chances of extensive damage (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Obtaining a true understanding of eco system services in the safeguarding of human well being is difficult because of the range of factors that can both protect and harm humans during natural disasters (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). The following table illustrates the various ways in which eco systems play important roles in flood regulation (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). Key Role of Ecosystems in Regulating Extreme Events Ecosystem Role in Flood Regulation Cultivated Crop cover provides flood protection, conditioned on good management Dry land Protection through vegetation cover; recharge of aquifers Forest Protection from floods providing flood attenuation and soil loss prevention Urban Move people away from flood-prone areas, conditioned on good urban planning Inland Waters Provide mechanisms for flood attenuation potential (wetlands, lakes, etc.) Coastal Benefits from sediment transport to the coastal zone; flood protection provided by coastal ecosystems (barrier beaches, mangroves, etc.) Marine Benefits from nutrient transport to the oceans Polar Discharge regulation to oceans in the Arctic system (freshwater provision to Arctic oceans) Mountains Regulating flood-related events (slope stability) Islands Benefits from sediment transport to oceans through floods from the mainland; aquifer recharge as main source of fresh water (Source: Guenni, et al, 2005, p 444) 2.3. Role of Spatial Planning in Flood Prevention and Control Increased vulnerability to flooding of different types is occurring across the world because of destruction of protective eco systems like mangroves, coral reefs and flood plains (Alterman, 2001, p 7-19). Disasters have been found to be higher in regions that have suffered from greater environmental degradation (Alterman, 2001, p 7-19). Many countries experience severe problems from floods at irregular but frequent intervals (Chan Parker, 1996, p 313). The traditional approach taken by such nations for reduction of flood control consists mainly of (a) measures like construction of dykes and dams, and (b) improvements to canals, channels, and drainage systems (Chan Parker, 1996, p 313). Many of such programmes have been adopted specifically for cities and demarcated agricultural areas and have involved the deployment of a limited range of engineering activities for the overcoming of flooding problems (Chan Parker, 1996, p 313). Whilst some of these solutions have proven to be useful, others have ended up in aggravating flood damage (De Cola, 2002, p 363). Many western countries are now recognising the inadequacy of flood management programmes that are solely dependent upon structural measures (De Cola, 2002, p 363). Western countries are increasingly engaging in deployment of non-structural methods for flood prevention (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82). Such measures aim to minimise losses through controlling urban and collateral development in areas at risk from floods (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82). Non-structural measures are by and large utilised along with a range of structural measures in order to create comprehensive systems for dealing with flood problems (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82). Many such programmes with non-structural components have however met with partial success because of problems associated with zoning of land and relocation of people (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82). Comprehensive flood hazard management is the most effective way to address flood control issues. It incorporates a variety of engineering, environmental protection and planning measures. It includes flood plain management, flood control maintenance activities, storm water management, shoreline management, protection of frequently flooded areas under Growth Management, watershed management, other flood hazard mitigation activities, and preparation for flood disasters where mitigation activities cannot prevent flooding. (MRSC, 2010, p1) Experts agree that spatial management, which includes both structural and non-structural measures, can significantly help in preventing and reducing the impact of natural disasters (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82). Such planning essentially contains the following elements: Early warning system: Spatial planning will succeed only if it is based upon sound information on the region under consideration. This calls for the introduction and implementation of suitable methods for acquisition and measurement of data about environmental hazards. Risk Assessment and Mapping: The formulation of effective systems for prevention of flood related disasters depends upon the availability of comprehensive information on the causes and impact of flooding. Such systems require the creation of appropriate frameworks for assessment and evaluation of floods. Hydrological and geological information like thematic hazard maps can help significantly in reducing loss of life and property because of floods. Prevention and Reduction: Spatial planning efforts require the analysis of various inter-relationships between spatial planning and the occurrence of floods. Appropriate spatial models can be discussed and established only on the basis of results of such analysis. Risk management: Spatial planning, to be effective, needs to carefully look at various elements of infrastructure like evacuation routes and safety spaces, which can help safeguard and secure individuals during the occurrence of floods. Reconstruction: Spatial planning is of extreme importance during reconstruction after disasters, when rebuilding has to be appropriately executed in order to eliminate past inadequacies and prepare for future developments. (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82) 2.4. Prevention, Management and Control of Flood Disasters Spatial planning, whilst extremely important for mitigation of the impact of floods is only one of a number of dimensions that have to be considered, when planning for prevention, management, and control of flood disasters. Some extremely important aspects of flood control are detailed in the following sub-sections (Haeuber Michener, 1998, p 74). 2.4.1. Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping A vulnerability analysis aims to assess the risks faced by structures and populations within flood prone areas (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). Such analysis assesses the potential impact of flooding by way of damage to roads, bridges, buildings and critical utilities (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). Vulnerability analysis is executed for different probability levels of floods and leads to the development of an elevation-damage curve (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). Such an analysis, by identifying high risk populations, is useful for formulation of required emergency responses in terms of evacuation and temporary shelters (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). A vulnerability analysis also helps in deciding acceptable risk levels and the level for which protection is essential (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). Mapping is closely associated with vulnerability analysis and represents a detailed definition of risk prone areas (Kaschube, 2006, p 50). Mapping is an important fundamental activity for all types of flood preparation programmes (Kaschube, 2006, p 50). With such maps often having legal implications with regard to zoning and the execution of structural and non-structural flood control actions, they must be credible and accurate (Kaschube, 2006, p 50). Such mapping by and large takes place on the frequency of flood events and along with vulnerability analysis provides a basis for all flood control measures (Kaschube, 2006, p 50). 2.4.2. Protection of Flood Prone Lands Vulnerability analysis and mapping provide vital inputs for the formulation of policies and programmes for controlling the incidence and impact of areas that are susceptible to floods (Johnson, et al, 2007, p 374). Policies and programmes for effective flood control often envisage carefully thought out controls over fresh development in flood prone areas, along with programmes for reduction of damage to existing development (Johnson, et al, 2007, p 374). Such policies are needed to limit the increasing economic and social losses that come about from floods (Johnson, et al, 2007, p 374). Flood control programmes should in the first place focus on alternate utilisation of lands facing flood risks (Krischenbaum, 2004, p 57-60). It is often better to zone such lands and use them for parks or other nature areas, rather than to think of measures to protect future development from floods (Krischenbaum, 2004, p 57-60). Zoning along with appropriate measures for flood proofing can help significantly in mitigation of damages from future floods (Lerner, 1998, p 35). However the final utility of such measures depends upon maintenance and enforcement (Lerner, 1998, p 35). Many local authorities, who are under developmental pressure, have shown tendencies to relax their stand on flood control as years pass by without the occurrence of floods (Lerner, 1998, p 35). 2.4.3. Climatological Forecasting and Geographic Information Systems Significant advances in techniques and methods for climatological forecasting have now made it a very useful tool for mitigation of flooding risks (Kotter, 2003, p 78-86). Such forecasting entails the correlation of extreme events to major alterations in ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns (Kotter, 2003, p 78-86). The identification of such patterns helps in forecasting storm activity with substantially greater accuracy than what could be done in the past (Kron, 2000, p 570-581). Climatological forecasting provides important information for improvement of emergency response readiness (Kron, 2000, p 570-581). Such forecasts are also helpful for increasing availability of reservoir storage and for building awareness of flooding potential (Kron, 2000, p 570-581). Such measures can lessen flooding severity, as and when floods occur (Kotter, 2003, p 78-86). Forecasting of extreme flooding can help local authorities in taking preventive actions such as piling up of sand bags, arrang ing for supplies of food and water, and removing high value goods (Kotter, 2003, p 78-86). Climatological forecasting helps in building public awareness of the potential impact of floods, highlighting expected public responses, and carrying out drills to assess degree of preparedness (Kron, 2000, p 570-581). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) represent software driven information and management systems that help in forecasting of water flows and in development of emergency responses (Penning-Rowsell Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38). Such systems use data from various sources, combine them suitably, and thereafter provide information for specific locations (Penning-Rowsell Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38). Data on vegetative cover is for example combined with information on soil and slope of land to assess infiltration rates for purposes of forecasting (Penning-Rowsell Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38). Climatological forecasting and geographical information systems, when used in combination, can be helpful in providing information for the taking of a range of precautionary measures for the mitigation of the impact of floods (Penning-Rowsell Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38). 2.4.4. Structural Measures Structural measures represent the undertaking of a wide range of infrastructural activities that aim to protect regions from the devastation that can be caused by floods (Munich Re, 2000, p 1-5). Such structural measures largely consist of protective infrastructural development like reservoirs for flood storage, the diversion of flood water for storage in side channels or to other water sheds, and the building of storm channels that can carry water around risk prone areas (Munich Re, 2000, p 1-5). These structural measures can be built to ensure various protection levels and can help significantly in reduction of flood damage (MRSC, 2010, p1). The construction of structural work is influenced by (a) determined standards for protection against floods, (b) costs and benefits of planned structures, and (c) the need to satisfy determined risk levels (MRSC, 2010, p1). The undertaking of protective infrastructure is important when (a) substantial infrastructure is already in place, and (b) the costs of protecting such development is expected to be substantially less than what can be expected to arise out of relocation of such infrastructure, lost economic activity, reconstruction of damaged infrastructure, or disaster relief and assistance (Pelling, 2003, p 8-23). The example of Winnipeg in Canada underlines the importance of engagement in appropriate structural measures (Pelling, 2003, p 8-23). Structural flood protection measures amounting to USD 92 million were completed for the city in the 1960s (Pelling, 2003, p 8-23). It is estimated that these structures minimised the impact of five floods that occurred since then and prevented damages that would have cost approximately USD 2 billion to repair (Pelling, 2003, p 8-23). The erection of protective infrastructure often leads to increase in developmental activities in areas that are at risk from floods, because of assumptions that such areas become safe from floods after the execution of structural measure (Hultman Bozmoski, 2006, p 25). Such assumptions can however prove to be misplaced and lead to over development with consequent increase in the vulnerability of such areas to floods. Storage dams can prove to be extremely dangerous when development in surrounding areas exceeds specified thresholds, because unanticipated levels of rainfall can lead to swift increase in water levels, thereby making emergency and evacuation responses very challenging (Hultman Bozmoski, 2006, p 25). Structural work, to be successful against flood protection, must be accompanied by systematic and established programmes for assessment, repair and maintenance, in order to maintain originally specified design capabilities. Canals, channels, and dikes, may, for example, be weakened by progressive erosion, movement of animals or erection of utility facilities. Such infrastructural work need to be subjected to carefully thought out safety programmes, in accordance with established guidelines and standards. All new construction allowed in flood prone areas should incorporate flood protection measures in order to reduce the potential for future damage (Kahn, 2005, p 271-284). Building codes should incorporate measures for reducing flood damage by ensuring that important utilities are located above expected floor levels (Kahn, 2005, p 271-284). Items that cannot be moved away easily should not be allowed to be stored in basements or ground floors (Kahn, 2005, p 271-284). Whilst allowing new development, care must be taken to ensure that such development will not lead to significant increase of flood waters and thereby increase risks to the complete area (Kahn, 2005, p 271-284). Protection of existing structures from floods is often a challenging and expensive process (Handmer, 1987, p 51-58). Some governments have related post flood disaster help to the commitment of reconstruction methods that will reduce future damages from floods (Handmer, 1987, p 51-58). Such a strategy becomes specifically useful where flooding takes place often and monetary help for disaster assistance is an integral component of disaster policies (Pielke Jr., 2000, p 5-12). Flood protection of existing structures and buildings can incorporate measures like raising the level of structures to prevent future harm, movement of utilities, alteration in use of buildings, setting up of protective walls, building of waterproof enclosures, and utilisation of materials that are resistant to water and can be restored easily after flood events (Pielke Jr., 2000, p 5-12). The relocation of existing structures to other areas that are at lesser risks from floods is also a possible, though difficult option (Newson, 1997, p 22-36). Relocation for particularly vulnerable structures may however be imperative in certain cases, despite the associated difficulties and expenses (Newson, 1997, p 22-36). Particular buildings may be at such great risk that no amount of flood proofing measures may be sufficient to ensure desired levels of safety (Newson, 1997, p 22-36). Local authorities need to be firm in such situations and ensure relocation in order to prevent extensive loss to property and life in future flood events (Newson, 1997, p 22-

Dansk Designs, Ltd. :: essays research papers

Dansk Designs Ltd., founded in 1955, is a company that markets stainless steel flatware. The firm traditionally followed a strategy of differentiation. They produce high quality products for the â€Å"top of the table†. Their goal was to reach a small market segment, which consisted of upper class, prestigious customers. Dansk Designs wanted to sell the concept of the Dansk brand, and believed their consumers would purchase the Dansk products because of the prominent brand name and because the products were the very best in taste and quality. Ted Nierenberg, the founder of Dansk Designs has recently decided that he wants to keep Dansk growing at 15% to 20% per year. Nierenberg feels as if his current product line will not provide sufficient growth to meet his objectives, and believes it is in the company’s best interest to introduce a new line of house ware products called Dansk Gourmet Designs Ltd. Nierenberg believes they should market this new line to a much wider g roup of consumers at competitive prices. However, I believe that although expanding into a new market with a new product line will increase short-term revenues, in the long run it will be detrimental because the new line will dilute the brand identity of Dansk Designs. If Nierenberg wants to grow every year 15% to 20%, I believe he should consider ways to lower costs instead of increasing volume and revenues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traditionally, Dansk Designs followed a strategy of differentiation. When a firm follows this strategy, they create differences in the firm’s product or service by creating something that is perceived as unique and valued by customers. Differentiation can take many forms, including prestige or brand image, which Dansk decided to implement. Their product line consists of eight product categories, which include flatware, china, linen, glass, decorator cookware, and wooden bowls and trays. Their products are of high quality and are highly priced. Dansk was able to achieve a differentiation advantage because their price premiums exceeded the extra costs of being unique. Dansk is able to create these unique products because of the talented designers they employ, including Jens Quisrgaard, Niels Refsgaard, and Gunnar Cyren. Another competitive advantage of a strategy of differentiation is the ability to deal with supplier power. There is a certain amount of statu s associated with being the supplier to a producer of differentiated products. Dansk’s principal supplier, Richard Nissen, has enjoyed working with Dansk because he believes they have been able to â€Å"preserve the handcrafted nature of the products†.

Jail Overcrowding

The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act Will Stop Prison Overcrowding General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that accepting The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act is the best method to stop prison overcrowding. Main Idea: The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act, also known as NORA, will solve the prison overcrowding problem that is primarily caused by mandatory sentences for nonviolent criminals. I. Introduction A. As you can see from this video: http://www. outube. com/watch? v=J_J0zlx-McQ B. The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act, also known as NORA, will solve the prison-overcrowding problem that is primarily caused by mandatory sentences for nonviolent criminals. C. I am going to explain how NORA will put an end to prison overcrowding by: 1. Reiterating the problems associated with prison overcrowding 2. Illustrating the primary cause of prison overcrowding 3. Describing the benefits that will result from accepting proposition 5. II. Body A. Prison overcrowding creates inadequate healthcare for inmates, threatens the safety of Americans, and inhibits the rehabilitation of convicts. 1. Due to the increasing number of prisoners in American jails, we do not have sufficient facilities or funding to provide the necessary health accommodations. The Vera Institute, for example, is a nonprofit organization that works with government to improve various injustices. According to their research, â€Å"the wait for [medical] treatment often outlasts a prisoner’s sentence† (Gibbons 93). Not only does overcrowding threaten the health of nmates, it also jeopardizes public safety. 2. After finding out that California prisons were running at double their capacities, federal judges ordered that the state reduce its prisoners by about 40,000 (Liptak). Considering majority of the drug related sentences are mandatory, they may have to release prisoners who committed crimes such as armed robbery, homicide, breaking and entering, and sexual assault. These criminals may have been reformed in prison, but this is unlikely considering prison rehabilitation and reform programs are inefficient due to overcrowding. . Research done by the University of Pennsylvania found that prisoners who graduated from college programs during their incarceration were â€Å"50% less likely to be rearrested, and 60% less likely to be re-incarcerated† (Hall). Yet, in the past, Congress has banned prisoners from such programs because of lack of funding due to overcrowding. By 1997, for example, â€Å"fewer than 2% of prisoners were enrolled† in educational programs (Erisman). Before these programs can be initiated, however, we must first deal with the cause of prison overcrowding. B. Prison overcrowding is primarily caused by mandatory drug sentences. 1. In my opinion, the primary reason for prisons is to keep dangerous criminals off of the streets. The government, on the other hand, seems to think it is more important to keep petty drug dealers in their prisons. 2. According to the Drug Policy Alliance Network, which is one of the nation’s leading organizations on the war on drugs, the mandatory drug policy resulted in, â€Å"more than 80 percent of the increase in the federal prison population from 1985 to 1995. † And , â€Å"the U. S. Sentencing Commission reports that only 11 percent of federal drug defendants are high-level drug dealers. † This means that about 90% of the 80% increase of inmates are harmless street dealers. 3. Instead of just slamming a harmless drug dealer into a jail cell, which ultimately results in releasing the same drug dealer after his or her sentence, policy makers should focus on drug rehabilitation, which will not only stop the problems associated with overcrowding, but also help to stop future drug violators. C. The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act is the ideal solution to prison overcrowding. 1. According to the Smart Voter, an organization which educates voters as to the implications of policies, NORA essentially limits the amount of prison time a harmless drug offender can serve, increases the parole of violent crimes, and creates mandatory drug rehabiliation programs for drug offenders and optional programs for the youth of our nation. 2. NORA was originally created to fight the obscene amount of overcrowding in California prisons. I believe, however, the United States government should accept it as a federal policy, by voting for it to be a mandatory program for nonviolent drug offenders. Especially considering â€Å"prison overcrowding is evident in almost every state,† not just the state of California. 3. According to an article written by Solomon Moore in The New York Times, drug sentencing has become so extreme, that carrying an illegal substance that weighs less than half of a tic tac can grant you 25 years in prison. According to the official NORA website, if NORA was accepted, within 8 years, it would save 84,000 people from facing mandatory drug sentences. 4. NORA will also save 2. 5 billion dollars (Facts). This is especially important considering the costs to uphold the large amount of prisoners far exceeds the amount of money granted to higher education (Archibald). These statistics are only applied to the state of California. Just imagine how much of an impact it would have if it was implemented in every state 5. The reduction in the number of mandatory nonviolent sentences would greatly reduce the amount of prisoners, ultimately stopping prison overcrowding. The rehabilitation programs will also hinder future drug offenders. III. Conclusion A. Overall, it is quite clear that everyone benefits from The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act. 1. Convicted criminals will finally be given adequate healthcare as there will no longer be prison overcrowding 2. American citizens are safe, because prisons will no longer need to release dangerous criminals and citizens will pay less taxes towards prisons because NORA will reduce prison costs by 2. 5 billion 3. Nonviolent drug offenders will go through rehabilitation, instead of idiotically placing them into a jail cell, with no chance of improvement. B. I leave you with this final fact: Pennsylvania prisons are already overcrowded by 8% (Prison). If we do not make a change in our prison system, we will soon reach the same overcrowding as California, in which we have to start releasing dangerous prisoners into the public. If we support NORA, hopefully this will be a future that we never have to see. WORKS CITED Archibald, Randal. â€Å"California, in Financial Crisis, Opens Prison Doors. † The New York Times [New York] 23 Mar. 2010. Print. Erisman, Wendy. Learning to Reduce Recidivism: A 50-state Analysis of Postsecondary Correctional Education Policy,† Institute for Higher Education Policy, November 2005. Print. â€Å"Facts. † Yes on Proposition 5: The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act. NORA CAMPAIGN. Web. 07 Apr. 2010. . Gibbons, John J. Confronting Confinement. New York: Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons, 2006. Print. Hill, Jim. â€Å"Arizona criminals find jail too in-‘tents'â €  CNN. Cable News Network, 27 July 1999. Web. 5 Apr. 2010. . Liptak, Adam. â€Å"U. S. rison population dwarfs that of other nations. † The New York Times 23 Apr. 2008. Print. â€Å"Mandatory Minimum Sentences. † Drug Policy Alliance Network. DPA Network. Web. 5 Apr. 2010. . Moore, Solomon. â€Å"The Prison Overcrowding Fix. † The New York Times [New York] 10 Feb. 2010. Print. â€Å"Proposition 5: Nonviolent Drug Offenses, Sentencing, Parole and Rehabilitation. † Smart Voter. 04 Nov. 2008. Web. 07 Apr. 2010. . â€Å"Prison Overcrowding: Treatment, Not Jail Time, Is Answer. † Central PA Local News. Penn Live, 21 Aug. 2009. Web. 05 Apr. 2010. .

Gamma Ray Penetration Of Lead essays

Gamma Ray Penetration Of Lead essays The amount of radiation that occurs to the matter depends on two things: what radiation is used. what material is used for absorption. There are three types of radiation; they are Alpha, Beta and Gamma. Gamma radiation has two types of radiation, nuclear which is dangerous and electromagnetic which is not dangerous. Gamma rays are the opposite of alpha particles in a way. They penetrate a long way into materials without being stopped. This means they are weakly ionising because they bend to pass through rather than colliding with atoms. Eventually they hit something and do damage. The only thing that block Gamma rays is thick lead and concrete. In the experiment I will be using lead. In 1896 Henri Becquerel was investigating materials, which glow when placed in an x-ray beam. Curious to find out if strong sunlight caused uranium salt to glow. It was clear that uranium salts emit penetrating radiation, which can blacken photographic film. More interested in x-rays, Becquerel passed the challenge of further investigations on to one of his students, Marie Curie. Within a few years, Marie Curie discovered other elements such as thorium, which are radioactive. One of these elements, radium, was found to be over 1 million time more radioactive than uranium. Photographic film can be used to detect radiation. Radiation was first discovered by accident when Henri Becquerel left some uranium on some photographic plates, which became fogged by it. These days photographic film is useful way of detecting radiation. Workers in the nuclear industry or those using x-ray equipment such as dentists and radiographers wear little blue badges which have a little bit of photographic film in them. The film is checked every now and then to see if it has become fogged too quickly, which would mean the person was getting to much radiation. The nature of radioactive radiation. Alpha radiation was s...

Using Effective Instructional Strategies

Using Effective Instructional Strategies Instructional strategies include all approaches that a teacher may take to engage students in the learning process actively. These strategies drive a teachers instruction as they work to meet specific learning objectives and ensure that their students are equipped with the tools they need to be successful. Effective instructional strategies meet all learning styles and the developmental needs of all learners. Teachers must be equipped with a well-rounded arsenal of effective instructional strategies to maximize their effectiveness and to increase student learning opportunities. Teachers are best served when they utilize a variety of instructional strategies as opposed to one or two. Variety ensures that students are never bored. It also ensures that students will likely be exposed to strategies that align with their preferred individualized learning style. Students will enjoy being taught with a variety of instructional strategies and are likely to stay engaged longer. Ultimately, a teacher should align the instructional strategies they are using with the students they are serving and the content they are teaching. Not every instructional strategy will be the perfect fit for every situation, so teachers must become adept at evaluating which strategy will be the best fit. Effective Instructional Strategies Popular instructional strategies include cloze reading, cooperative learning, hands-on learning activities, scaffolding, group instruction, self-assessment, thematic instruction, and word walls. New instructional strategies are being developed and implemented in classrooms on an almost daily basis. Instructional strategies can also be completely customized, meaning that they can be tweaked and configured to fit any situation. Two teachers can be using the same instructional strategy completely differently based on their own individual preferences and needs. Teachers should put their own creative spin on these instructional strategies to make them their own. 5 Ways to Boost Student Learning Instructional strategies provide a delivery mechanism for presenting great content. Instructional strategies are the how, and content is the what. In many cases, how you present the content is more important than what you present. Students latch onto content that is packaged in an interesting and engaging way. A lack of a great delivery system will fail to make connections with even the most interesting content.Instructional strategies provide teachers with the flexibility necessary to meet individual learning needs.  The sheer number of instructional strategies at a teachers disposal provides the flexibility to differentiate instruction. What works well for one group of students may not necessarily work well with another. Teachers must adapt to each group and utilize multiple instructional strategies to maximize their effectiveness.Instructional strategies can make teaching and learning fun. The majority of students learn best through active, engaging learning opportunities. Many instructional strategies embrace this and feature components that ensure learning is fun and engaging. Teachers must make every effort to feature instructional strategies that keep students engaged, on their toes, and wanting more. Instructional strategies, when used correctly, keep students from becoming bored with how they learn. When a teacher uses the same strategy over and over again, it becomes boring to students. This is a great way to cause students to lose focus and lose interest in learning.  When a teacher varies activities, changes them up, and uses a wide range of instructional strategies students stay engaged. This ultimately helps them learn more.Instructional strategies enhance instruction and boost learning. When teachers are continuously exploring and tweaking their delivery system, a beautiful thing happens. Over time, they become more effective at not only finding great instructional strategies but also with implementing them into their class. Likewise, when students are exposed to a variety of instructional strategies it broadens the scope of how they learn - essentially giving them multiple ways to process and learn new information.

Texas History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Texas History - Essay Example The Spanish Texas Spain nominally claimed the ownership of the territory but did not colonize the territory until after the discovery of evidence of the failed French colony if Fort Saint Louis in 1689. They established the first mission in Texas in 1690 but the tribes resisted their presence. The missionaries returned to Mexico and abandoned Texas for two decades. The Spanish return in 1716. Since 1716 to 1821, the Spanish occupation was continuous. The first formal municipality in Texas is San Antonio which is considered one of the ten largest cities in the United States. The Spanish Texas government made peaceful conversions and reached peace agreement with enemies such as the Apaches and Comanche. The Spanish continually made peace agreements and peaceful conversions of the tribes and by the end of the eighteenth century, there remained small number of tribes that were not Christianized (Mexicanroots.com, History of Spanish Texas). Though Texas became a Mexican nation in 1821, th e Spanish legacies are considered strong and lasting. The names of the physiographical features of Texas such as the Guadalupe Mountains and Llano Estacado served as reminders of the Spanish explorers. It was the Spanish who introduced numerous European crops, live stocks and livestock handling techniques. Christianity was very strong in the Texas Indians.

Plagiarism disscussion 1 wk 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plagiarism disscussion 1 wk 4 - Assignment Example Having been expelled from the school on the basis of plagiarism may darken the individual’s academic and professional career thereafter. Students dropped out of school for such reasons find it hard to get admission in reputable universities or get recommendation letters from their former teachers. Personal consequences of plagiarism include compromised ability to think creatively, and poor academic writing skills. Unless an individual learns how to avoid plagiarism, his/her writing lacks the standard that is appreciated among the academicians and professionals. The most fundamental way of avoiding plagiarism is thoroughly reading and comprehending the guidelines given by the American Psychological Association (APA). In addition to that, one should practice writing following those guidelines. The more the practice, the better the chances of zero plagiarism. Some writers think that if they write an excerpt by themselves without actually plagiarizing, they can use it multiple times anywhere because it is their property. This is termed as ‘self-plagiarism’ (iThenticate, 2011). A writer may reproduce his/her own writing in the future but not without citing the previous source that he/she had written in the

Description of My House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Description of My House - Essay Example As soon as my friend pressed the grapes which were ripe in nature, the grapes crushed and the juice from the grapes started flowing into her hands and from her hands, the juice started spilling on her wrist until she removed her hands and shook them hard to drop off the juices from the grapes. The ripe grapes are quite thick in juice and have a taste which combines both sweetness and a slightly sour savor.In Japan, the color â€Å"purple† is connected to wealth and a person with a lot of money. These were the remarks made by my friends when they saw the purple grapes that simply looked so rich that the backyard seemed like it was one of a very rich individual. The purple grapes made us feel as fresh and pure as if we had just woken up from our sleep. The smell of the purple grapes was similar to the smell of the jam bottle that I open every day simply to spread on my bread and eat it. The purple color even made us feel as if we were at a party where purple lights moved around the dance floor making the crowd go crazy and dance all night. Simply the sight of purple made us remember our school days when we used to fight for the purple color crayons because every single little kid in the class wanted to grab color purple and start using it. This extended our talk about our school days and the fun we used to have as kids. The mix of the purple and the red grapes took our memories to the recent wedding event that we all attended together at a friend’s place.   The purple color even made us feel as if we were at a party where purple lights moved around the dance floor making the crowd go crazy and dance all night. Simply the sight of purple made us remember our school days when we used to fight for the purple color crayons because every single little kid in the class wanted to grab color purple and start using it. This extended our talk about our school days and the fun we used to have as kids. The mix of the purple and the red grapes took our memories to the recent wedding event that we all attended together at a friend’s place. My friends started with a mix of white and purple colored curtains that were used to decorate the entire arena. The whitewash of my backyard along with the purple color grapes gave us the feeling as if we were at one of the tables of the wedding we attended (Fruit and Vegetables 6).

Bend it like Beckham Essay Example for Free

Bend it like Beckham Essay All cultures have different ways of showing respect and how there life is. In Bend it Like Beckham director Gurinder Chadha shows us the Indian life with the character Jessminda. Jessminda’s dreams are more important than her culture so she does not want to be the typical traditional Indian girl her parents want her to be; it sets the tone of depressed, troubled, and motivated. Jessminda changes throughout the story. At first she is really depressed because she wants to play soccer but her parents won’t let her. The reason why they won’t let her is because her culture is against her playing a boy sport that shows body parts her culture is against showing. The author shows us the tone of depressed by having Jessminda act sad and rude towards her parents. Also he shows the tone of depressed by having calm sentimental music playing. For example, ff she follows her culture her parents will be happy and she will have to give up scholarships that she could have. If she plays soccer her parents will be mad at her but she will get what she’s been wanting. Then her best friend, Jules stops talking to her because she sees Jess kiss there soccer coach, Joe. The reason her friend got mad is because Jess knew Jules and there soccer coach. The author uses this fight with her friend to show more depression that Jessminda is going through. He shows by putting them together and have them argue and he angles the camera close up to show their emotions as there talking. Culture is a big part of our lives but do we always follow it or would we rather follow our dreams? Jess starts to become daring which makes her start getting in trouble. She does what she has to just so she can play in soccer games. For example her parents and sister leave but she acts like she is sick so she doesn’t have to go with them but once they leave she goes to play in a soccer game but her dad had to go back to the house and finds out that she isn’t home. He then goes to where her game is and watches her play. Her parent’s hate that she wants to play soccer but her dad sees how much she likes it but she’s sneaking out to go play. By the author putting in this scene, he is showing that sometimes people have to do what they need to just to get what they want. He shows us the process of Jessminda lying to her parents and going and playing the game. This shows that she is a troubled girl who will show how much she likes something that means something to her. Everyone has those moments when we have to sneak away to do something that we really want to do. In addition another example of her being troubled is when she starts falling in love with their coach. She knows her culture only allows Indian woman to date Indian boys that the family accepts. Her falling for Joe is risking her life and his. The author shows us being troubled by having them two alone, dark nights so they fall in love. She does spend a lot of time with Joe but only because he is her soccer coach. Everyone has moments when we do things that changes us as a person. Jess becomes motivated to playing soccer. If it wasn’t for her coach she would of quit right in the beginning when her parents told her she couldn’t play. The problem is if she doesn’t play she won’t get the scholarships she can get and she won’t go on to college. So her coach talks to her and tells her if she just plays this championship game she will have a scholarship because they will be out there watching how they play. The author uses this to show that there are chances out there. Another problem is that her sister’s wedding lands on the day of the championship game, and her parents will not let her miss her sister’s wedding. She is sad that she can’t go but until her dad sees that she is talking to the guy her parents want her to marry and he sees what’s going on. They then tell her dad that the championship game is going on and she’s missing it so he tells them to go. This example shows confident by Chadha having her dad give her a chance to play. She then goes to the game and gets more motivated that when she gets there Jules is happy to see her so they could play together. She then played and ended up making the winning goal. After the game the person who was watching them to see if they can get there scholarships went up to them and offered them there scholarships. While he is watching them play Chadha keeps having the camera go to him to show how he reacts to good or bad plays. The camera angles help shows motivation and confidence by they keeps repeating his reaction. Chadha has good parts and bad parts to get us thinking. If it wasn’t for her coach Joe she would have given up her dream to respect her culture but now she has a scholarship that leads her to a better successful life. Cultures are what people believe in and that they follow but sometimes there’s a negative side in our culture that cannot always be followed. Everyone changes as a person good or bad and have different types of attitudes towards what he or she wants or has. Jessmindas dreams were more important to her that she went against her culture but her dad accepted it.

Blood Justice :: essays research papers

How would you like to be accused of a crime and then be disenfranchised because of your race? Well this is what happened to Mark Charles Parker because he allegedly raped June Walters a pregnant white woman on February 23 1959. In Howard Smead’s historical nonfiction book Blood Justice he describes one of the most important investigations of a racist, motivated crime in the history of the United States. Blood Justice is about the killing of Mark Charles Parker and the investigation after his death. Mark Charles Parker was accused of the rape of June Walters which Occurred on March 1, 1959. R. Jess Brown a well-known African American lawyer represented Parker. On April 13th an all white grand jury indited Parker for rape and two counts of kidnapping. On April 17th Parker pleaded not guilty to each charge. Next Parker’s trial date was set for April 27th. Then Brown asked Judge Sebe Dale’s to drop the case because a black man was not on the grand jury. Brown did this because of a recent ruling made by the 5th U.S. circuit court of Appeals. The ruling stated that it was unconstitutional for a jury of an all white people to convict a black man. The ruling went on to say that one African American had to be on a jury when an African American was on trial. This defense tactic by Brown was a legally intelligent thing to do but this actually became the motive for the mob to kill Parker. On Friday April 24th J.P. Walker, Preacher Lee, Crip Reyer and L.C. Davis got into Reyer’s Oldsmobile and they took off on a mission to kill Mark Charles Parker. (3 other cars of men followed) They went to the courthouse/jail in Poplarville and they could not get in. So they went to Jewel Alford’s House (The jail keeper) to get the keys to the Jail. Alford went with the four men to the courthouse. When he got there he went in and down the hall to Sheriff Moody’s office and got the keys to the jail. He opened the door to the jail and Lee, Reyer, Davis, Walker followed Alford into the jail. Alford then opened Parkers cell and Lee and Davis pulled Parker out of the jail and courthouse to the Reyer's Oldsmobile. Alford then left and the men got into the car. The Oldsmobile sped away and the other cars followed.

Poem Analysis †Sonnet 116 Essay -- English Literature

Poem Analysis – Sonnet 116 ‘Let Me Not To The Marriage Of True Minds’ Study the first 12 lines of the poem. Discuss how Shakespeare makes a statement in the first and second lines, and then use lines 2-12 to give examples which supports his viewpoints. In the first two lines of the poem Shakespeare writes, Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments: love is not love The first line shows that he thinks you should not marry unless you are faithful. He says ‘let me not’ which means that he does not approve of the untrue or unfaithful minds marrying. The second line means that there will be obstacles in your way and you must be willing to face or overcome them. Otherwise ‘love is not love’, or you will not experience love at its most true. These first two lines show that Shakespeare will go on to explore the idea of faithful or true love and also the obstacles of marriage. In the next two lines of the poem Shakespeare looks at the possibility of somebody falling out of love with their partner. Which alters when alteration finds Or bend...

Pants

Systematic way of organizing and explaining observations B) hypothetical way of organizing and explaining characteristics of people C) systematic framework for creating a hypothesis based on data and experimentation D) framework based on one's psychological perspective 2. A hypothesis is best characterized as: A) a procedure that precedes a theoretical framework B) any phenomenon that can change from one situation to another C) a systematic way of organizing and explaining observations D) a tentative belief about the relationship between two or more variables .Variables that can be placed on a continuum, such as the degree of happiness or the amount of income, are referred to as: A) dependent variables B) independent variables C) categorical variables D) continuous variables 4. Any variable that is comprised of groupings or classifications such that a person must be in one group or another is referred to as a/an: A) dependent variable B) independent variable C) categorical variable D ) continuous variable 5. I am running an experiment in which my participants have a drink and then drive a car. To ensure that I have good results, my participants shouldA) try hard to drive well when in next in line B) be blind to the results C) be able to explain their observations D) have the same basic procedure so as to minimize unintended variations 6. A subgroup of the population that is likely to be representative of the population as a whole is known as A) a culture B) a sample C) a population D) a subculture 7. Good psychological research uses standardized procedures in order to: A) make sure that a representative sample is being used B) expose participants in a study to as similar procedures as possible C) ensure external validity D) ensure objectivity 8.In order to ensure that the findings obtained with your sample can be applied to the population, your study should involve which of the following? A) stratified sample of subjects B) external validity C) experimenter's di lemma D) all of the above 9. A test that yields relatively similar scores for the same individual over time has which ONE of the following types of reliability? A) test-retest reliability B) integrate reliability C) interim reliability D) contextual reliability 10. If two or more individuals agree on some dimension and give a participant the same score, then that study possesses: A) test-retest reliability 1.Validity is present when: A) the test measures what it is supposed to measure B) measurement reflects truth C) measurement reflects theory correctly D) the test measures the same way each time 12. With regard to face validity, which of the following is true? A) face validity refers to whether or not the measure looks like it measures what it purports to measure B) many researchers go out of their way to make sure their scale does not have face validity C) face validity is the least important type of validity 13.One of the best ways to obtain an accurate assessment off variable i s A) with face validity B) through central reliability C) by using multiple measures D) by using a representative sample 14. Which one of the following is NOT a type of descriptive research? A) case study B) naturalistic observation C) survey D) correlation study 15. A case study is: A) a survey of a person's likes and dislikes B) generalize with little effort C) the study of one individual in great depth D) appropriate for small groups 16.Possible limitations of the case-study method include: A) investigator bias B) small sample size C) lack of generalization 17. The major problem with survey methods is that: A) most people don't want to talk about themselves B) it is hard to question people in their natural environments C) they rely on participants to report on themselves truthfully and accurately D) all of the above 18. Before an experiment begins, the participant must agree to participate in the study.In other words, the participant must provide: A) substantial knowledge B) info rmed consent C) debriefing D) ethical knowledge 19. Debriefing a subject means: A) you briefly explain what will happen in the experiment before you begin B) you explain the purpose of the study and remove any stressful after effects after the artificial is finished C) you have the subject sign a document agreeing to be in the experiment D) you run through the experiment quickly with a participant for practice before you begin collecting data 20.I find that there is a +. 59 correlation between shoe size and intelligence. What can I correctly conclude? A) Having a bigger shoe size causes you to be more intelligent. B) Being more intelligent causes you to have bigger feet and, thus, a bigger shoe size. C) Exercise stimulates both physical growth (resulting in bigger feet) and intellectual growth (resulting in higher intelligence levels). D) Shoe size and

Shakespeares Brothers and Sisters

Shakespeare's Brothers and Sisters William Shakespeare came from a large family and had three brothers and four sisters ... although not all of them lived long enough to meet their most famous sibling! William Shakespeares brothers and sisters were: Joan ShakespeareMargaret  Shakespeare Gilbert  ShakespeareJoan  ShakespeareAnne  ShakespeareRichard  ShakespeareEdmund  Shakespeare Much is known of Shakespeare’s mother Mary Arden whose house in Wilmcote near Stratford-upon-Avon remains a tourist attraction and functions as a working farm. His father John Shakespeare, also came from farming stock and became a Glover. Mary and John lived in Henley Street Stratford upon Avon, John worked from his house. This is where William and his siblings were brought up and this house is also a tourist attraction and it is possible to see exactly how Shakespeare and his family would have lived. John and Mary had two children before William Shakespeare was born. It is not possible to give the exact dates as birth certificates were not produced in those times. However, due to high mortality rates, it was customary to have the child baptised as soon as three days after the birth so the dates given in this article are based on that assumption. Sisters:Joan and MargaretShakespeare Joan Shakespeare was baptised in September 1558 but sadly died two months later, her sister Margaret was baptised on December 2nd 1562 she died aged one. Both were thought to have caught the prolific and deadly bubonic plague. Happily William, John and Mary’s first born son was born in 1564. As we know he lived a very successful life until he was 52 and died in April 1616 on his own birthday. Brother:Gilbert Shakespeare In 1566 Gilbert Shakespeare was born. It is thought that he was named after Gilbert Bradley who was a burgess of Stratford and was a Glover like John Shakespeare. It is believed that Gilbert would have attended school with William, being two years younger than him. Gilbert became a haberdasher and followed his brother to London. However, Gilbert often returned to Stratford and was involved in a lawsuit in the town. Gilbert never married and died a bachelor aged 46 in 1612. Sister:Joan Shakespeare Joan Shakespeare was born in 1569 (It was customary in Elizabethan England for children to be named after their dead siblings). She married a hatter called William Hart. She had four children but only two survived, they were called William and Michael. William, who was born in 1600, became an actor like his uncle. He never married but it is thought he had an illegitimate child called Charles Hart who became a famous actor of the time. William Shakespeare gave permission for Joan to live in the western   house on Henley street (There were two houses) until her death at the ripe age of 77. Sister: Anne Shakespeare Anne Shakespeare was born in 1571 she was the sixth child of John and Mary but sadly she only survived until she was eight years old. It is thought that she also died of the bubonic plague. She was given and expensive funeral despite the family experiencing financial problems at the time. She was buried on April 4th 1579. Brother:Richard Shakespeare Richard Shakespeare was baptised on March 11th 1574. Little is known about his life but the families fortunes were in decline and as a result it is very likely that Richard did not receive an education like his brothers and he would have stayed home to help with the family business. Richard was buried on February 4th 1613. He died aged 39. Brother: Edmund Shakespeare Edmund Shakespeare was baptized in 1581, he was sixteen years William’s junior. By this time the Shakespeare’s fortunes had recovered. Edmund followed in his brother’s footsteps and moved to London to become an actor. He died aged 27 and his death is also attributed to the bubonic plague which had already claimed 3 of his sibling’s lives. William paid for Edmund’s funeral which was held in Southwark London 1607 and was attended by many famous actors from the Globe. After having eight children Mary, Shakespeare’s mother lived to the grand age of 71 and died in 1608. John Shakespeare, William’s father also lived a long life, dying in 1601 aged 70. Only their daughter Joan lived a longer life than them dying at 77.